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[10] McMurray, Distant Ties, KL 1808-21.[11] Landau, Pan-Islam, 94-8.

[12] Geiss, July 1914, doc. 135.

[13] Mot add, Islam and Nazi Germany’s War, 19f.[14] McMurray, Distant Ties, KL 1826-38.[15] McMurray, Distant Ties, KL 1850-56.[16] Rogan, Fall of the Ottomans, 40f.

[17] Rogan, ‘Rival Jihads’, 3f.

[18] McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 87[19] McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 376, n. 8.[20] McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 124.[21] ‘The Ottoman Sultan’s Fetva: Declaration of Holy War’, 15 November 1914 in Charles F. Home (ed.), Source Records of the Great War, vol. Ⅲ (New York: National Alumni, 1923): [domain].[22] Motadel, Islam and Nazi Germany’s War, 19.[23] McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 125.[24] Schwanitz, ‘Bellicose Birth’, 186-7.[25] Motadel, Islam and Nazi Germany’s War, 21-5.[26] 奧本海姆在敘利亞東北部的泰爾哈拉夫發現並挖掘了極其豐富的遺址，那裡是古阿拉曼城的所在地——古扎納州或戈贊州。

[27] McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 135. See also Morgenthau, Secrets of the Bosphorus, 110.[28] Landau, Pan-Islam, 98; Zürcher, Jihad and Islam in World War I, 83.[29] McKale, ‘British Anxiety’.

[30] Al-Rawi, ‘John Buchan’s British-Designed Jihad’.[31] McKale, ‘British Anxiety’.

[32] Motadel, Islam and Nazi Germany’s War, 21-5.[33] Gussone, ‘Die Moschee im Wünsdorfer “Halbmondlager”’.[34] Fogarty, ‘Islam in the French Army’, 25f.[35] Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 117f.[36] McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 283.[37] Zürcher, ‘Introduction’, 24. See also Aksakal, ‘“Holy War Made in Germany?”’ and ‘Ottoman Proclamation of Jihad’.[38] Rutledge, Enemy on the Euphrates, 33-7.[39] McKale, ‘Germany and the Arab Question’, 249f., n. 13.[40] McKale, ‘Germany and the Arab Question’, 249f., 238f.[41] Al-Rawi, ‘John Buchan’s British-Designed Jihad’.[42] Schwanitz, ‘Bellicose Birth’, 195f.[43] Fogarty, ‘Islam in the French Army’, 31-3.[44] Ahmad, ‘Great War and Afghanistan’s Neutrality’, 203-12.[45] Rogan, ‘Rival Jihads’, 6-7.

[46] Darwin, Empire Project, 295-7.

[47] McKale, War by Revolution, 171.

[48] McKale, ‘British Anxiety’.

[49] Rutledge, Enemy on the Euphrates, 33-7.[50] Cleveland and Bunton, History of the Modern Middle East, 132f.[51] Rogan, Fall of the Ottomans, 280f.[52] McKale, ‘British Anxiety’.

[53] McKale, ‘Germany and the Arab Question’, 246; Rogan, ‘Rival Jihads’, 14-16.[54] 麥克馬洪接受了侯賽因提議的地區邊界，但排除了以下地區：奇裡乞亞（今天在土耳其東南部）和那些位於大馬士革、霍姆斯、哈馬和阿勒頗以西的“敘利亞部分”，法國已經宣佈對這些地區说興趣，並支援英國對美索不達米亞的巴格達和巴士拉省的所有權。英法兩國對敘利亞和美索不達米亞地區的設計臭名昭著，在1916年5月的馬克·賽克斯爵士和弗朗索瓦·喬治·皮科之間達成的協議中得到了梯現，他們設想奧斯曼帝國在戰吼會完全分裂。

[55] Rogan, The Arabs, 150f.

[56] Rogan, The Arabs, 151f.

[57] McKale, ‘British Anxiety’.

[58] McKale, ‘Germany and the Arab Question’, 244.36